![]() ![]() ![]() Of these, orientations represent motives, values, and goals. Huta and Waterman (2014 see also Huta, 2016) summarized the literature regarding well-being from these two perspectives in terms of four categories: orientations, behaviors, experiences, and functioning. The hedonic perspective concerns the pursuit of pleasant and comfortable states, while the eudaimonic perspective concerns living a good life and being fully functioning (see, for a review, Ryan and Deci, 2001 Ryan et al., 2008). Research on well-being has two different, yet overlapping, perspectives: hedonism and eudaimonism. It is hoped that our findings will stimulate further research on well-being using the HEMA scale. In sum, these findings suggest that the Japanese HEMA scale is useful to capture hedonic and eudaimonic conceptions of well-being as orientations. The scale showed high internal consistency and six-week test-retest reliability and reasonable correlations with life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, psychological well-being, and interdependent happiness. Latent mean differences of the scale across these demographic groups were less than small. The Japanese HEMA scale demonstrated measurement invariance at the configural, metric, scalar, and strict levels across gender and age groups. We investigated the measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the Hedonic and Eudamonic Motives for Activities (HEMA) scale in a Japanese adult sample ( N = 1,892). Hedonic pleasure orientation (seeking enjoyment), hedonic relaxation orientation (seeking comfort), and eudaimonic orientation (seeking meaning) are major ways that people pursue well-being. 3Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Japan.2Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.1Department of Psychology, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan. ![]() Ryosuke Asano 1*, Tasuku Igarashi 2 and Saori Tsukamoto 3 ![]()
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